Procedures

cardiology

Angioplasty, also known as balloon angioplasty and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, is a minimally invasive endovascular procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis.

cardiology

CABG surgery reroutes blood around blocked or narrowed coronary arteries using grafts harvested from the patient's chest, leg, or arm. It is typically recommended when coronary artery disease is severe or extensive, or when other treatments have failed. The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia with or without cardiopulmonary bypass.

cardiology

Heart valve repair is a cardiac surgery procedure, carried out to repair one or more faulty heart valves. In some valvular heart diseases repair where possible is preferable to valve replacement.

cardiology

Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is a CABG technique performed on a beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgeon uses tissue stabilisers to immobilise the small area of the coronary artery being grafted while the rest of the heart continues to beat. OPCAB avoids the systemic inflammatory response and other physiological consequences of cardiopulmonary bypass, but is technically more demanding than on-pump CABG and may produce slightly fewer complete revascularisations in some hands. ACC/AHA guidelines recommend OPCAB as a reasonable alternative to on-pump CABG in selected patients, particularly those with calcified ascending aortas where aortic cannulation is high-risk.

cardiology

A pacemaker, also known as an artificial cardiac pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart. Each pulse causes the targeted chamber(s) to contract and pump blood, thus regulating the function of the electrical conduction system of the heart.

cosmetic surgery

Abdominoplasty removes excess skin and fat from the abdomen and tightens the underlying abdominal muscles. It is commonly sought after significant weight loss or pregnancy. Full abdominoplasty involves a hip-to-hip incision and navel repositioning. Mini-abdominoplasty addresses only the area below the navel.

cosmetic surgery

A brachioplasty, from Ancient Greek βραχίων, meaning "arm", and πλαστός, meaning "moulded", commonly called an arm lift, is a surgical procedure to reshape and provide improved contour to the upper arms and connecting area of chest wall. Although "brachioplasty" is commonly used to describe a specific procedure for the upper arms, the term can also be used to describe any surgical arm contouring.

cosmetic surgery

Blepharoplasty, from Ancient Greek βλέφαρον (blépharon), meaning "eyelid", and πλαστός (plastós), meaning "molded", is the plastic surgery operation for correcting defects, deformities, and disfigurations of the eyelids; and for aesthetically modifying the eye region of the face. With the excision and the removal, or the repositioning of excess tissues, such as skin and adipocyte fat, and the reinforcement of the corresponding muscle and tendon tissues, the blepharoplasty procedure resolves func

cosmetic surgery

Bariatric surgery is a group of surgical procedures used to manage obesity and related conditions. Long-term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size, reduction of nutrient absorption, or a combination of these.

cosmetic surgery

Gluteoplasty or buttock augmentation denotes the plastic surgery and the liposuction procedures for the correction of congenital, traumatic, and acquired defects/deformities of the buttocks and the anatomy of the gluteal region; and for the aesthetic enhancement of the contour of the buttocks.

cosmetic surgery

Breast augmentation involves the placement of silicone or saline implants to increase breast size or restore volume. Fat transfer (lipofilling) is an alternative for modest increases. The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia and typically takes 1-2 hours. Implant placement can be subglandular or submuscular.

cosmetic surgery

A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's breast. In reconstructive plastic surgery, breast implants can be placed to restore a natural-looking breast following a mastectomy, to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall or, cosmetically, to enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery.

cosmetic surgery

A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's breast. In reconstructive plastic surgery, breast implants can be placed to restore a natural-looking breast following a mastectomy, to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall or, cosmetically, to enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery.

cosmetic surgery

Mastopexy is the plastic surgery mammoplasty procedure for raising sagging breasts upon the chest of the woman, by changing and modifying the size, contour, and elevation of the breasts. In a breast-lift surgery to re-establish an aesthetically proportionate bust for the woman, the critical corrective consideration is the tissue viability of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), to ensure the functional sensitivity of the breasts for lactation and breast-feeding.

cosmetic surgery

Reduction mammoplasty is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts. In a breast reduction surgery aimed at re-establishing a functional bust that is proportionate to the patient's body, the critical corrective consideration is the tissue viability of the nipple–areola complex (NAC), to ensure the functional sensitivity and lactational capability of the breasts.

cosmetic surgery

Chin augmentation using surgical implants alter the underlying structure of the face, intended to balance the facial features. The specific medical terms mentoplasty and genioplasty are used to refer to the reduction and addition of material to a patient's chin.

cosmetic surgery

A facelift, technically known as a rhytidectomy, is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure intended to give a more youthful facial appearance. There are multiple surgical techniques.

cosmetic surgery

Breast augmentation is a plastic surgery procedure by which either a breast implant or a fat-graft implant is emplaced to the thorax to increase the size of the breasts in order to correct congenital defects of the breast and of the chest wall. Consequently, after the breast-enlargement surgery, the symmetrical breast hemisphere is of proportionate size, has a smooth contour, and is anatomically consistent with the woman's body.

cosmetic surgery

Gynecomastia is the non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in men due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. Physically speaking, gynecomastia is completely benign, but it is associated with significant psychological distress, social stigma, and dysphoria.

cosmetic surgery

Liposuction, or simply lipo, is a type of fat-removal procedure used in plastic surgery. Evidence does not support an effect on weight beyond a couple of months and does not appear to affect obesity-related problems.

cosmetic surgery

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery.

cosmetic surgery

A facelift, technically known as a rhytidectomy, is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure intended to give a more youthful facial appearance. There are multiple surgical techniques.

cosmetic surgery

Orthognathic surgery, also known as corrective jaw surgery or simply jaw surgery, is surgery designed to correct conditions of the jaw and lower face related to structure, growth, airway issues including sleep apnea, TMJ disorders, malocclusion problems primarily arising from skeletal disharmonies, and other orthodontic dental bite problems that cannot be treated easily with braces, as well as the broad range of facial imbalances, disharmonies, asymmetries, and malproportions where correction ma

cosmetic surgery

Otoplasty, from Ancient Greek οὖς (oûs), meaning "ear", and πλαστός (plastós), meaning "moulded", is a procedure for correcting the deformities and defects of the auricle, whether these defects are congenital conditions or caused by trauma. Otoplastic surgeons may reshape, move, or augment the cartilaginous support framework of the auricle to correct these defects.

cosmetic surgery

Rhinoplasty, sometimes referred to as a "nose job," is a plastic surgery procedure performed to change the shape, size, or proportions of the nose or to improve nasal function and breathing. There are two types of plastic surgery used – reconstructive surgery that restores the form and functions of the nose and cosmetic surgery that changes the appearance of the nose.

cosmetic surgery

Rhinoplasty (nose reshaping surgery) is performed to change the shape, size, or proportions of the nose for aesthetic or functional reasons. It may involve modifying bone, cartilage, and skin. Open and closed approaches exist, each with different recovery profiles and scar visibility.

cosmetic surgery

Submuscular breast augmentation places the implant beneath the pectoralis major muscle, in contrast to subglandular placement under the breast tissue alone. The submuscular approach (which is most commonly the 'dual-plane' variant, where the upper pole of the implant is fully submuscular and the lower pole is in the subglandular plane) is preferred for patients with thin breast tissue, thin overlying skin, or a preference for a more natural-looking upper-pole transition. Compared to subglandular placement, submuscular implants have lower capsular contracture rates, better mammographic visibility, and a smoother appearance under thin tissue — at the cost of a longer recovery, more initial post-operative pain, and visible 'animation deformity' on chest contraction in some patients.

cosmetic surgery

Bariatric surgery is a group of surgical procedures used to manage obesity and related conditions. Long-term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size, reduction of nutrient absorption, or a combination of these.

dental

The term All-on-4, also known as All-on-Four and All-in-Four, refers to 'all' teeth being supported 'on four' dental implants. The name All-on-4 is a registered trademark of Nobel Biocare, used globally for both dental products and services.

dental

Implantology is the term for the placement of dental implants by a dentist, specialist dentist in oral surgery, or oral and maxillofacial surgeons. With a license to practice, every dentist obtains permission to practice the full range of dentistry and thus also to place dental implants.

dental

Dental composite resins are dental cements made of synthetic resins. Synthetic resins evolved as restorative materials since they were insoluble, of good tooth-like appearance, insensitive to dehydration, easy to manipulate and inexpensive.

dental

Composite veneers are tooth-coloured composite resin restorations applied directly to the front surfaces of teeth to improve aesthetics. Unlike porcelain veneers, composite veneers are typically built up freehand or via injection-mould stent in the dentist's chair in a single visit. They require minimal or no enamel preparation, are reversible, and cost substantially less than porcelain — but they have a shorter functional lifespan (typically 5-7 years vs 10-15+ for porcelain), are more prone to staining, and lack the natural translucency of porcelain.

dental

Bone grafting is a type of transplantation used to replace missing bone tissue or stimulate the healing of fractures. This surgical procedure is useful for repairing bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly, leading to pseudoarthrosis.

dental

A bridge is a fixed dental restoration used to replace one or more missing teeth by joining an artificial tooth definitively to adjacent teeth or dental implants.

dental

In dentistry, a crown or a dental cap is a type of dental restoration that completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant. A crown may be needed when a large dental cavity threatens the health of a tooth.

dental

A dental implant is a titanium post surgically placed into the jawbone to serve as an artificial tooth root. A crown, bridge, or denture is then attached to the implant. The procedure typically requires two visits spaced several months apart to allow for osseointegration.

dental

Dental veneers are thin shells of porcelain or composite resin bonded to the front surface of teeth to improve appearance. They address discolouration, chips, gaps, and minor misalignment. Porcelain veneers typically require two visits: preparation and bonding. The procedure involves removing a thin layer of enamel, which is irreversible.

dental

Dentures are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth, supported by the surrounding soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Conventional dentures are removable.

dental

In dentistry, a veneer is a layer of material placed over a tooth. Veneers can improve the aesthetics and function of the teeth and protect the tooth's surface from damage.

dental

Dental restoration, dental fillings, or simply fillings are dentistry treatments used to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of tooth structure lost due to decay (caries), trauma, or wear. Fillings may also be used to replace or seal tooth structure around dental implants or after more extensive procedures such as root-canal therapy.

dental

Root canal treatment is a treatment sequence for the infected pulp of a tooth--an abscess--that is intended to result in the elimination of infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth from future microbial invasion. It is generally done when the cavity is too big for a normal filling.

dental

Maxillary sinus floor augmentation is a surgical procedure that increases the amount of bone in the posterior maxilla by lifting the Schneiderian membrane and placing a bone graft.

dental

Cosmetic dentistry is generally used to refer to any dental work that improves the appearance of teeth, gums and/or bite. It primarily focuses on improvement in dental aesthetics in color, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance.

dental

The third molar, commonly called wisdom tooth, is the most posterior of the three molars in each quadrant of the human dentition. The age at which wisdom teeth come through (erupt) is variable, but this generally occurs between late teens and early twenties.

dental

In dentistry, a crown or a dental cap is a type of dental restoration that completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant. A crown may be needed when a large dental cavity threatens the health of a tooth.

general surgery

Hernia repair surgically corrects a protrusion of tissue (most commonly fat, omentum or bowel) through a weakness in the abdominal wall. The most common varieties are inguinal (groin), femoral, umbilical, epigastric, and incisional hernias; surgical principles are similar across all but operative approach varies. Two main techniques exist: open repair, in which the surgeon accesses the hernia through a single incision and reinforces the defect with sutures and/or a synthetic mesh, and laparoscopic (or robotic) repair, which uses small ports and a camera to place mesh from the inside of the abdominal wall. NICE TA160 supports the laparoscopic approach for selected primary unilateral inguinal hernias and for bilateral and recurrent cases, where it is associated with faster return to activity at the cost of slightly longer operating time. The choice of approach depends on hernia type, size, prior surgery, patient comorbidity and surgeon experience. Synthetic mesh has become the standard of care for most adult repairs because of materially lower recurrence rates than primary suture repair, though the trade-off is a small risk of mesh-related chronic pain or infection.

general surgery

Laparoscopic hernia repair is a minimally invasive technique in which the hernia defect is approached from inside the abdominal wall using small ports and a camera, with mesh placed in the preperitoneal space to reinforce the defect. The two main variants are transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair, which enters the abdominal cavity, and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair, which dissects the preperitoneal space without entering the peritoneum. Compared to open repair, laparoscopic approaches offer faster return to normal activity, lower acute pain, and better cosmesis — at the cost of a longer operative time, the requirement for general anaesthesia, and a steeper learning curve for the surgeon.

hair transplant

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness.

hair transplant

DHI (Direct Hair Implantation) is a hair transplant technique in which follicular units are extracted from a donor area using a small punch (similar to FUE) and then implanted directly into the recipient site using a Choi pen-like implanter device. The Choi implanter creates the recipient incision and inserts the graft in a single action, allowing precise control of graft angle, direction, and depth, and eliminating the need for separate recipient-site creation. DHI is marketed as a distinct technique but is, mechanically, an FUE variant that uses an implanter rather than a forceps for graft placement.

hair transplant

Eyebrow restoration is the medical and cosmetic process of restoring eyebrow hair in people with eyebrow thinning or loss (alopecia). Causes include trauma, burns, genetic predisposition, aging, over-plucking, hormonal changes, scarring, and certain dermatologic or systemic conditions, including madarosis.

hair transplant

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness.

hair transplant

FUT (Follicular Unit Transplantation), commonly called the 'strip technique', is a hair transplant method in which a long, narrow strip of donor scalp is surgically excised and dissected under microscopy into individual follicular units, which are then implanted into the recipient area. FUT is the older of the two main hair-transplant approaches (preceding FUE) and remains the technique of choice for very large graft counts in a single session, when donor density is limited, or when trichophytic donor closure is sought to minimise scar visibility.

hair transplant

Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) involves harvesting individual hair follicles from a donor area (typically the back of the head) and transplanting them to areas of thinning or baldness. Results take 9-12 months to fully develop. The procedure is performed under local anaesthesia.

hair transplant

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness.

hair transplant

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness.

hair transplant

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), also known as autologous conditioned plasma, is a concentrate of plasma protein derived from whole blood, centrifuged to remove red blood cells but retaining platelets. Though promoted for treating various medical conditions, evidence of its benefits was mixed as of 2020, showing effectiveness in certain conditions and ineffectiveness in others.

hair transplant

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness.

ivf fertility

Egg donation is the process by which a woman donates eggs to enable another woman to conceive as part of an assisted reproduction treatment or for biomedical research. For assisted reproduction purposes, egg donation typically involves in vitro fertilization technology, with the eggs being fertilized in the laboratory; more rarely, unfertilized eggs may be frozen and stored for later use.

ivf fertility

Sperm donation is the provision by a male of their sperm with the intention that it be used in the artificial insemination or other "fertility treatment" of one or more females who are not their sexual partners in order that they may become pregnant. Where pregnancies go to full term, the sperm donor will be the biological father of every baby born from their donations.

ivf fertility

Oocyte cryopreservation is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) used to preserve human eggs (oocytes). The technique is often used to protect against future infertility or delaying childbearing: when pregnancy is desired, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos.

ivf fertility

Embryo donation is one disposition option for users of in vitro fertilisation with remaining fresh or frozen embryos. It is defined as the giving—generally without compensation—of embryos remaining after in vitro fertilization procedures to recipients for procreative implantation or research.

ivf fertility

Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. This technique - which is often used in connection with in vitro fertilization (IVF) - may be used in humans or in other animals, in which situations and goals may vary.

ivf fertility

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg. This technique is used in order to prepare the gametes for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus.

ivf fertility

IVF involves stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs, retrieving those eggs, fertilising them with sperm in a laboratory, and transferring resulting embryos to the uterus. A single cycle typically spans 4-6 weeks. Success rates vary significantly by age, clinic, and protocol used.

ivf fertility

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation, and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis.

ivf fertility

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation, and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis.

ivf fertility

Surrogacy is an arrangement whereby a woman gets pregnant and gives birth on behalf of another person or couple who will become the child's legal parents after birth. People pursue surrogacy for a variety of reasons such as infertility, dangers or undesirable factors of pregnancy, or when pregnancy is a medical impossibility.

oncology

Chemotherapy is the systemic delivery of cytotoxic drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. The term spans many drug classes — alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antimicrotubule agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, anthracyclines and others — and many delivery routes (intravenous, oral, intrathecal, intra-arterial). Regimens are typically defined by cancer type, stage, and patient fitness, and are delivered as a sequence of cycles with rest periods to allow normal tissues to recover. Modern oncology increasingly combines cytotoxic chemotherapy with targeted therapies, immunotherapies, hormonal agents, and radiotherapy in carefully sequenced protocols. Travelling abroad for chemotherapy is uncommon and should be considered cautiously: continuity of care across cycles, access to emergency services for febrile neutropenia, and integration with home-country surveillance imaging are easier to manage when treatment is delivered close to where the patient lives.

oncology

In medicine, proton therapy, or proton radiotherapy, is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often to treat cancer. The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that the dose of protons is deposited over a narrow range of depth; hence in minimal entry, exit, or scattered radiation dose to healthy nearby tissues.

ophthalmology

Cataract surgery, also called lens replacement surgery, is the removal of the natural lens of the eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implant.

ophthalmology

Glaucoma surgery is a type of eye surgery performed to treat glaucoma, a group of diseases which affect the optic nerve, resulting in vision loss. Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP).

ophthalmology

LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to correct refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. A thin corneal flap is created, the underlying tissue is reshaped, and the flap is repositioned. The procedure takes approximately 15 minutes per eye with rapid visual recovery.

ophthalmology

An intraocular lens (IOL) is a lens implanted in the eye usually as part of a treatment for cataracts or for correcting other vision problems such as near-sightedness (myopia) and far-sightedness (hyperopia); a form of refractive surgery. If the natural lens is left in the eye, the IOL is known as phakic, otherwise it is a pseudophakic lens.

ophthalmology

PRK is a refractive laser eye surgery in which the corneal epithelium is removed and an excimer laser reshapes the underlying corneal stroma to correct myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism. PRK predates LASIK and remains the preferred surface-ablation technique for patients with thin corneas, occupational requirements that contraindicate a corneal flap (military, contact sports), or borderline topography that makes a flap risky. Recovery is slower and more uncomfortable than LASIK because the epithelium has to heal over the treated cornea — typically 3-5 days with a bandage contact lens — but biomechanical integrity of the cornea is preserved.

ophthalmology

Clear lens extraction, also known as refractive lensectomy, custom lens replacement or refractive lens exchange is a surgical procedure in which clear lens of the human eye is removed. Unlike cataract surgery, where the cloudy lens is removed to treat a cataract, clear lens extraction is done to surgically correct refractive errors such as high myopia.

ophthalmology

Eye surgery, also known as ophthalmic surgery or ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa. Eye surgery is part of ophthalmology and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon.

ophthalmology

SMILE is a refractive laser eye procedure in which a femtosecond laser creates a small lens-shaped piece of corneal tissue (a lenticule) within the intact cornea, which is then extracted through a small peripheral incision typically 2-4mm wide. Because no corneal flap is created, SMILE preserves more of the cornea's anterior biomechanical strength than LASIK. SMILE is approved for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism; hyperopic SMILE has been approved in some markets more recently.

orthopaedic

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a surgical tissue graft replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament, located in the knee, to restore its function after an injury. The torn ligament can either be removed from the knee, or preserved before reconstruction through an arthroscopic procedure.

orthopaedic

Total disc replacement (TDR), or artificial disc replacement (ADR), is a type of arthroplasty in which degenerated intervertebral discs in the vertebral column are replaced with artificial disc implants in the lumbar (lower) or cervical (upper) spine. The procedure is used to treat chronic, severe low back pain and cervical pain resulting from degenerative disc disease.

orthopaedic

Total hip replacement (arthroplasty) replaces the damaged femoral head and acetabulum with prosthetic components, typically used for end-stage osteoarthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, avascular necrosis, or hip fracture in older patients. Modern implants combine a femoral stem (cemented or uncemented), a femoral head (metal or ceramic), and an acetabular cup with a polyethylene, ceramic, or metal liner. Per UK NJR data, modern implant survivorship at 15 years exceeds 90% for the most-used implant combinations.

orthopaedic

A tear of a meniscus is a rupturing of one or more of the fibrocartilage strips in the knee called menisci. When doctors and patients refer to "torn cartilage" in the knee, they actually may be referring to an injury to a meniscus at the top of one of the tibiae.

orthopaedic

Shoulder replacement is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the glenohumeral joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. Such joint replacement surgery generally is conducted to relieve arthritis pain, improve joint mobility, and/or fix severe physical joint damage.

orthopaedic

Spinal fusion, also called spondylodesis or spondylosyndesis, is a surgery performed by orthopaedic surgeons or neurosurgeons that joins two or more vertebrae. This procedure can be performed at any level in the spine and prevents any movement between the fused vertebrae.

orthopaedic

Total knee replacement (total knee arthroplasty) involves replacing damaged cartilage and bone in the knee joint with metal and plastic components. It is typically performed for severe osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis that has not responded to conservative treatment. The procedure requires significant physiotherapy during recovery.

urology

Lithotripsy is a procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, bezoars, gallstones or sialolithiasis, which may be done non-invasively. The term is derived from Greek words meaning "breaking stones".

weight loss

The duodenal switch (DS) procedure, also known as a gastric reduction duodenal switch (GRDS), is a weight loss surgery procedure that is composed of a restrictive and a malabsorptive aspect.

weight loss

In medicine, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally-invasive, non-surgical (incisionless), endoscopic weight loss procedure that is part of the field of endoscopic bariatric therapies. To perform ESG, a physician sutures a patient's stomach into a narrower, smaller tube-like configuration.

weight loss

A gastric balloon, also known as an intragastric balloon (IGB) or a stomach balloon, is an inflatable medical device that is temporarily placed into the stomach to help reduce weight. It is designed to help provide weight loss when diet and exercise have failed and surgery is not wanted by or recommended for the patient.

weight loss

Sleeve gastrectomy removes approximately 80% of the stomach laparoscopically, creating a tube-shaped stomach that restricts food intake and reduces hunger hormones. It is one of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures worldwide. The procedure is irreversible and requires lifelong dietary changes.

weight loss

Gastric bypass surgery refers to a technique in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch, where the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both. Surgeons have developed several different ways to reconnect the intestine, thus leading to several different gastric bypass procedures (GBP).

weight loss

Bariatric surgery is a group of surgical procedures used to manage obesity and related conditions. Long-term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size, reduction of nutrient absorption, or a combination of these.

weight loss

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a bariatric surgery that creates a small gastric pouch (typically 15-30ml) and bypasses most of the stomach and proximal small intestine. The procedure has two mechanisms: restriction (small pouch reduces meal volume) and malabsorption (bypassed proximal small bowel reduces nutrient absorption). RYGB produces typically greater weight loss than sleeve gastrectomy in many series, better resolution of type 2 diabetes and reflux disease, and a more durable long-term result — at the cost of technical complexity, higher early-complication rate, more demanding lifelong nutritional supplementation, and a small ongoing risk of internal hernia.

weight loss

Bariatric surgery is a group of surgical procedures used to manage obesity and related conditions. Long-term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size, reduction of nutrient absorption, or a combination of these.